McDuffie County is governed by the board of commissioners. This board consists of four members elected from four districts and a chairman elected at large.
The McDuffie County Board of Education governs six schools. There are four elementary schools, one middle school and one high school.
Thomson High School was selected as a National School of Excellence in 1991.
Augusta Technical College has a satellite campus in McDuffie County.
According to the 1990 census, the county's population was 20,119.
The county's population growth between 1980 and 1990 was 8.5 percent.
The state's average for the same period was 13.2 percent.
McDuffie County's distribution by race was 64 percent white and 36 percent black. Statewide, the distribution is 71 percent white, 27 percent black and 2 percent Hispanic.
Thirty-two percent of McDuffie County residents were age 19 or younger, while 12 percent were 65 or older.
Statewide, 30 percent were 19 or younger and 10 percent were 65 or older.
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